Monday, 31 October 2011

Disabilty in TV Drama

Inbertweeners clip:
  • The fact that the scene is situated in a park could be seen as a typical place to take someone disabled for an outing, although this does contrast with the fact that there are able bodies in the park to.
  • Almost not acting normal themselves (social awkward)
  • disabled throw
  • comedy sound effect when the frizzby hits the disabled person. (camera angles also used to create humour)
  • crying is made to make you feel sorry for her.
  • typical stereotype of trying to help disabled people. immediately think they are stealing her frizzby.
  • Her helper has to stand up for the disabled person, showing she isn't able to do it herself
  • Language barrier between will and the carer
  • Could be showing that someone from England doesn't want to look after the disabled person so they have to get a foreigner to do it.
  • Realistic location, can relate to it. Natural lighting, very English.
  • Lots of movement in the able bodies where as the disabled person is very still and doesn't move.


In his life 1991 study, Paul hunt identified 10 stereotypes that the media used to portray disabled people:
  1. The disabled person as pitiable or pathetic
  2. An object of curiosity or violence
  3. Sinister or evil
  4. The supper cripple
  5. As atmosphere
  6. Laughable
  7. His/her own worst enemy
  8. As a burden
  9. As Non-sexual
  10. Being unable to participate in daily life
Cast Offs
  • Use of flashbacks helps you to identify with him and get to know his character and disability.
  • He has no been disabled from birth, happened to him during his life.
  • Father takes the piss out of him. not a good relationship.
  • Trying to find himself again, trying to do the things he loves with his disability (basketball)
  • The isolation or the island could show his isolation in his own life, island very different to an able boded show such as shipwrecked.
  • island is very symbolic
  • goes against how people normal treat disabled people as he is just left to get on with it himself
  • Use of time laps to show the passing of time to show the audience its taking him along time to get there.
  • The name of the show has meaning behind it to.
The sequence of the TV series 'Cast Offs' use flashbacks as a way of helping you to identify with the character and get to know about him and his disabilty. In the first flashback you see his dad messing about with his wheelchair showing that him and his dad may not have the best relationship as he is turning is disability into a joke. This is something that is seen as wrong in today society and because of this you begin to feel sorry for him straight away. Another thing you gather from the flashbacks is that he has not been disabled from birth as he is still trying to find himself, shown in his dialogue, for example "the old me, the new me, fuck me". You can aslo see from the flashbacks that he is trying to enjoy things from his 'old' life such as basketball  but the disability is clearly getting in the way of that.


When we first see the island its very dull and wet, not like your typical desert island that you would see in shows such as 'Shipwrecked' for more able bodies. The island is very isolated which could be symbolic with a disabled persons life as there life could aslo be as isolated as an island. Once landed, having to be helped out of the boats continues to show is inability to do almost anything. Dan is then left on a beach alone, Which goes against the way disabled people are treated in society as normally people will do anything they can to help them. Him being alone adds to the emotion behind it making you feel sorry and upset for him. As he makes his way away from the sea there is a use of 'time laps' showing the passing of time to let the audience know how long it take him to get anywhere.

Tuesday, 18 October 2011

TV Drama conventions

Code                                                                      Conventions

1. Blood, knife, mask (icon symbol or code)               1. good Vs evil

Verismilitude - helps to create realism
Connotations - what you associate it with (red = passion)
Transitions - how it moves from one scene to another

TV drama all have the following ingredients:
  • Characters - even particular kinds of characters: e.g at its most simple 'good and 'bad' characters
  • Stories - they all tell stories, whether those stories involve, adventure, crime or romance and the often, not always, end happily
  • The stories are told against familiar backdrops: e.g homes, police stations, offices (for crime dramas) hospitals (for medical dramas) - most of which are created in studios. However most TV dramas also use outsider locations to create particular effects.
  • Camerawork - particular kinds of shots are used: e.g. sequences involving establishing shots followed by mid- shots of characters, shot-reverse-shot to show character interaction and in particular, close ups to show the characters emotions.
  • Stories use dialogue to tell stories. Occasionally, monologues are built in (as voice overs, a character telling a story)
  • Music is used to punctuate the action, create effects (suspense, tension) and underline emotional moments.
  • Particular sub genres tend to have items which make them immediately identifiable - police cars, blue lights, operation theatre, scalpels, triage/reception areas in hospitals/ Icons of the genre, they symbolise the (sub)genre.

Example Paragraph

The next factor which displays representations is through mise en scene. Expressions play a key role, for example when the blonde male is approached by the sabre toothed tiger his expression coveys fear leading to a sympathetic response from the audience however this contrasts greatly to the calm and collective expression of the girl, which suggests a swap in roles involving dominance. At the start of the scene the colour intensity is high on the male compared to the grainy background. This demonstrates the natural setting however focuses the attention on the male protagonist which could suggest male superiority. The females clothing (blonde) presents a male style which is in contrast to the stereotypes of a feminine woman, however another female character in the film is represented with a high pride in her appearance which conforms to the stereotype.
This however portrays the different roles and characteristics of women which may have changed in contemporary times. The props such as the heavy machinery emit
connotations such as manual masculine feelings. However the female is in charge of the stereotypical male vehicle.

Monday, 17 October 2011

Homework Essay


G322 Candidate Exemplar Response
Date: June 2010
Representation: Gender
Throughout the extract representations of gender are illustrates through various elements such as editing and sound. A mix of dominance and equality is produced through the extract however overall it is conveyed that women are physically subordinate compared to physically strong and stereotypically hegemonic male.
Representations of gender have been clearly illustrated throughout editing. For example a mix of pivot/panorama shots as well as fast tracking shots have been incorporated when the girl is trying to save and protect the male character. This illustrates the fast movement and action of the cut however it may also signify a chaotic environment where women struggle to take and maintain power. Another example of a tracking shot is portrayed when the male character is travelling down the rope. This editing however demonstrates to the audience the thought and power the character has from making a quick rational decision which is a stereotype of male behaviour. A long establishing shot is used which clearly signifies the three male characters in an equal line. The equal line personally connotes equality however as the majority of characters were male this illustrates women inferiorly in serious situations. Near the end of the extract one male in the process of saving a women from another dangerous man however the framing of the cut demonstrates representations of gender. For example the female protagonist was placed significantly behind the male which illustrates the girl’s subordination compared to the male.
The next element which produces representations of gender is through sound.
In one cut once the female had saved the male from the life threatening situation from the dialogue such as “Come on” with a high intensity, provoking the animal, suggests bravery and a strong masculinity. This dialogue may have been said as an attempt to regain status as he’s just been saved by a girl. At the start of the first cut a synchronisation from the strings is displayed when the music matches to the sombre or negative topic. “Let her go” by a different male suggest he may think of the male as being superior therefore shouldn’t have to run after her. In this scene within the barn one female protagonist was trying to bribe the male character through dialogue. Therefore this could represent woman being manipulative to convery power in antithesis to males who assert their power in a physical manner. “My best coat!” also creates representation of women such as an obsession of appearance and vanity. However positive representations towards woman are also portrayed. For example once one woman has undertaken the stressful experience the other female protagonist says “you okay” which suggests women to be expressive and caring in contrast to males who are minimal with their dialogue. The diegetic sound the dogs barking emphasise the bad situation of the woman conveying the woman’s vulnerability further. This is also emphasised by the harsh sound effects which build and sustain tension creating a climax.
The next factor which displays representations is through mise en scene. Expressions play a key role, for example when the blonde male is approached by the sabre toothed tiger his expression coveys fear leading to a sympathetic response from the audience however this contrasts greatly to the calm and collective expression of the girl, which suggests a swap in roles involving dominance. At the start of the scene the colour intensity is high on the male compared to the grainy background. This demonstrates the natural setting however focuses the attention on the male protagonist which could suggest male superiority. The females clothing (blonde) presents a male style which is in contrast to the stereotypes of a feminine woman, however another female character in the film is represented with a high pride in her appearance which conforms to the stereotype.
This however portrays the different roles and characteristics of women which may have changed in contemporary times. The props such as the heavy machinery emit
connotations such as manual masculine feelings. However the female is in charge of the stereotypical male vehicle. Therefore this suggests equality and an improvement of women within jobs and status compared to the traditional domestic duties. Even though the women within the extract portray dominance through props, the male characters continually illustrate dominance. For example the males usage of the guns for example, the shot gun in the barn and the hand gun involving the key protagonists. This contrasts to how the brunette women displays authority by attempting blackmail. Overall this could suggest males and women are equally dominant although just portray it through different criteria.
A final way in which representations of gender have been displayed is through camera work. For example the low angle looking down on the male in the whole illustrates his vulnerability and helpless position which displays him as subordinate. However a different low angle in conveying the tiger illustrates dominance of man and a hierarchy with the animal being lower. Establishing shots such as before the male jumps looking on in the long distant horizontal plane suggests his thoughts which leads to the male’s hasty decision. An extreme close up on the woman’s face when she’s been knocked down suggest demonstrates her fear and panic further suggesting the women’s weak position compared to the male. A pivot shot is used which creates the effect as the camera is on a fixed position that someone or something would be looking at them for example the dangerous tiger which overall represents vulnerability to the male and the woman.
Overall the particular extract conveys elements of representation through various ways of media aspects. In conclusion a mix of equality is suggested overall, however the traditions where the male characters save the day are clearly presented. Although a mix of response from empathy juxtaposed to spite is displayed from the audience involving both genders.

Explanation/Analysis/Argument:  /20
Use of Example:  /20
Terminology:   /10

Thursday, 6 October 2011

Essay

The first example of class and status representation is when Merlin is walking through the castle into the office. There is mysterious music giving the impression that he is not supposed to be there. You can hear his footsteps on stone floors, which is not something you hear in poorer places. As Merlin explores the office, the music increases in tension each time he picks up an item. You can also hear him put these objects down as there is complete silence in the castle, which contrasts to the outside. The woman’s footsteps are heard quite loudly as she walks to the office, which means she might be wearing high heels. These wouldn't be owned by poorer people and so give the impression that she is high class and rich. The music gets faster and louder as she approaches the door and then reaches a point and stops, showing that she is intimidating and important. She talks down to Merlin and questions him, and he replies with a stutter, showing that he knows he's not supposed to be there and her authority over him.

When Merlin steps outside and starts to walk through the market you hear lots of animal noises and people talking which is not something you hear in a castle. This implies it is a poorer area. The prince arrives and starts talking to Merlin in a posh accent. He tells Merlin to address him properly after Merlin insults him. This goes against the stereotypes of high class, and it implies that they know each other well and have had problems before. The prince has a more authorative dialogue and tells Merlin what to do, showing his class. Sound effects are used during their fight to emphasise Merlin's magic and to also create humour when the prince falls or trips. The music stops when Merlin spots the old man, this shows Merlin’s respect towards him as a parental type figure. The old man's accent is not very posh, but he is still authority over Merlin. This may be because of his age or because of his parental figure.


The castle that we see merlin in at the beginning automatically shows a rich and high status environment what with the stain glass windows and the stone walls. When Merlin enters the office he is surrounded with expensive things showing that someone of a high class lives/works in there. Merlin is wearing ripped, old clothing and looks scruffy and this helps to show that he does not belong in the castle. The lighting in the castle is very dark making the scene more dramatic. The dim lighting also gives off a more expensive atmosphere. When the lady enters the room she is wearing a purple dress which is seen as expensive clothing as something like this would not be owned by poorer people. She is also well presented and clean, adding to her status.

Once Merlin has left the castle it becomes lighter and has the feeling of a more normal atmosphere. His surroundings as he stands in the market show that he is now in a poorer part of the town compared with the castle showing the different classes and how differently they live. Merlin now looks more like he belongs there as everyone has the same type of clothing as him. This atmosphere and the people around helps to make the prince stand out when we first see him as he is wearing a suit of armour, looking well groomed and clean. You immediately can tell that he is of a higher status to Merlin. Once they begin to fight Merlin is given a weapon by Arthur showing again that Merlin is of a lower class and does not have a weapon of his own. The fact that Arthur has a weapon not only for himself but one he can spare for merlin shows again his status and money. Merlin, unlike Arthur does not know how to use his weapon showing that he has never had the privilege of learning such skills whereas Arthur has, again showing his class and status over Merlin. During the fight, when merlin uses his magic, the lighting is dark to really emphases the magic being used and the glowing of his eyes. Class and Status is shown again during the fight as anything Merlin uses to fight with are everyday things made out of wood or rope whereas Arthur is using metal weapons, again showing the difference between the two characters.


Towards the end of the fight we are introduced to another character who we can immediately tell has a parental influence over Merlin. This character has grey hair and glasses giving the stereotypical wise look and when we first see him he is reading a book. Once the fight is over we then see Merlin and this other character back at what we assume must be Merlin’s home. Their house is not full of rich things, unlike the castle, showing they are in a lower class. The old man is also wearing old clothes but he has more colours and patterns to show he is slightly more important than Merlin, this also adds to his parental role.

Editing is used to show class and status in the extract. When Merlin is in the office, the music is slow paced and the shots are quite fast. However whent the woman arrives, the shots are longer and the music is faster and more tense, showing she is in control. When the woman enters the office at the start of the extract, sound effects are used to show her intimidation and importance. There is a tense sound effect when she looks in the mirror, revealing her alter-ego. This is also accompanied by very short shots, which switch quickly, showing that she wants to hide it.
When he steps outside and meets the prince, shot reverse shots sare used in their conversation. Match on action is also used when he throws him the weapon and throughout the duration of the fight. For example, match on action is used to show the prince smashing things with his weapon, showing that he is dangerous and has power. 



An exaggerated sound effect of a rope twanging is used when the prince trips over the rope and this creates a comical effect to the fight seen. Parallel editing is used to show the old man in his castle looking down upon the fight. This implies that the old man is of higher class as he is inside the high up castle, and merlin is down on the street. When the old man comes down to see, you see the shot reverse shot and reaction shots of Merlin noticing the old man, showing his respect and importance. Merlin gets distracted and gets hit by the prince in synchronization with the music with sound effects to show the prince hitting him. This shows that the prince is in control of the fight and of Merlin, which is appropriate to his status.


Immediately the camera shot is an establishing shot showing the high class building. When Merlin enters the room the camera pans around as a eye line shot of the room slowly showing all the details and items in the room from Merlin's point of view making it seem that he isn't meant to be in there because it belongs to someone higher up than him. There is then a close up on the item Merlin places on the desk which suggests a significant importance in the item. Carrying on every item that Merlin picks up there is a close up on the item which implies the authority and importance of the items and that he really shouldn't be picking them up and perhaps that they belong to someone of a higher class than himself. As soon as the women enters there is a close up on her facial expression to high light the anger on her facial expression moving onto a close up on Merlin's facial expression showing his worried expression. There is then a over the shoulder shot which highlights the women's authority over Merlin.


As soon as Merlin leaves and bumps into the prince figure there is a fast pace shot reverse shot which shows the contrast between the two characters. The shot reverse shot carry's on through the fighting but picks up pace to show the fast action occurring. There is then a tilt shot on the prince from Merlin's eye line view to emphasize authority and power the prince possess. The old man then looks out the window with a long shot which displays the viewing crowd’s reaction to the fighting taking place.

Editing

The general idea behind editing in narrative film is the coordination of one shot with another in order to create a coherent whole.
The system of editing employed in narrative film is called continuity editing - its purpose is to create and provide efficient and artful transactions.

Editing film

1. In filmmaking, the task of selecting and joining camera takes.
2. In the finished film, the set of techniques that governs the relation among shots.

Editing is the process of preparing language images or sounds through correction condensation organisation and other modification in various media. Editing is therefore, also a practice that includes creative skills, human relations, and a precise set of methods.

Juxtapostions and meaning
  • Edwin S. Porter, The Great Train Robberey, 1903 shot in sequence create meaning for audiences
  • From exterior shot to set, audience is encouraged to believe the events they see are immediately sequential.
The Kuleshov Effect
  • Lev Kuleshov, circa 1920: intercut an actor's face with unrelated footage taken later.
  • Audiences interpreted emotional responses on the actors face based on the juxtaposition of images.
  • Whilst much of the moving images we see used this effect, it does not usually draw attention to it.
Comparing Approaches
  • Students may be familiar with multiple-camera, non-sequential techniques from film and television.
  • Hollywood productions may have 1000-2000 shots, 3000 for an action movie: post-production editing is crucial in creating meaning.
  • Some film makers still favor a pared down, single-camera, sequential approach for particular sections of film.
Contrast 'four main functions' of film editing
  • make sure that the production is the required length of time
  • to remove any unwanted material mistakes
  • to alter if necessary the way or the sequence in which events will be portrayed;
  • to establish the particular styles and character of a production.
Graphic Relations

Although the primary focus of the film editor is to ensure the continuity of the narrative, film editors remain acutely aware that a film is a visual art. therefor the work to achieve visual interest by creating transitions between shots that are graphically similar and graphically dissimilar, depending on the desired effect.
  • a graph9ic match is achieved by joining two shots that have a similarity in terms of light/dark, line or shape, volume or depth, movement or stasis (e.g and horse running and then seeing a man running)
  • a graphically discontinuous edit creates a clash of visual content by joining two shots that are dissimilar in terms of one or more of
Rhythmic Relations

Film is not only a visual art, but also a auditory and even tactile art. Therefore, editors also remain aware of the effects achieved by manipulating the rhythms experienced by perceivers through thoughtful juxtapositions of longer and shorter shots as well as through transitional devices that affect the perceivers sense of beat or tempo.

Rhythmic Transitional Devices
  • straight cut
  • fade out
  • fade in
  • dissolve
  • wipe
  • flip frame
  • jump cut
Temporal Relations

Editing is the process by which the difference between temporal duration and screen duration is reconciled. it sounds simple, but consider this; most films present in roughly two hours sufficient intersection of story and plot to provide percievers with everything

Chronology
  • Most narrative films are presented in roughly chronological order, with notable exceptions
Spatial Relations

Perhaps the most important, as well as the most overlooked, principle of editing is its function in providing percivers a reliable sense of the physical space that constitutes the world of the film.

  1. establishing shot
  2. shot/reverse shot
  3. eyeline match
  4. re-establishing shot
Thermartic relations

Editors have at their disposal two very powerful techniques for manipulating the percivers place in the hierarchy of knowledge, and therefore affecting our thematic understanding of the film.
  • Montage sequences
  • Crosscut editing

Monday, 3 October 2011

Mise en scene - Merlin

  • castle stain glass windows
  • expensive things in office
  • merlin wearing old clothes
  • lady wearing a dress and heels well presented
  • dark in the castle compared to out side making it mysterious
  • market with animals and shabby looking buildings
  • prince wearing armour showing status and money
  • given a weapomn in the fight showing he doesnt own any of his own
  • people standing around in ripped and old clothing
  • old man reading a book with glasses to show wisdom and he is inside reading while merlin is outside fighting, showing parental figure
  • dark when fighting to help that magic he uses to be more mysterious
  • there house is not full of rich things showing they are in a lower class
  • old man also wearing old clothes but he has more colours and patterns to show he is slightly more important.
  • princes weapon bigger than Merlin's
  • use of the broom at the end of the fight

The castle that we see merlin in at the beginning automatically shows a rich and high status environment what with the stain glass windows and the stone walls. When Merlin enters the office he is surroundend with expensive things showing that someone of a high class lives/works in there. Merlin is wearing ripped, old clothing and looks scruffy and this helps to show that he does not belong in the castle. The lighting in the castle is very dark making the scene more dramatic. The dim lighting also gives off a more expensive atmosphere. When the lady enters the room she is wearing a purple dress which is seen as expensive clothing as something like this would not be owned by poorer people. She is also well presented and clean, adding to her status.

Once Merlin has left the castle it becomes more light and has the feeling of a more normal atmosphere.

Group Work - Merlin

  • Dialogue - how they address each other, accents are mostly posh.
  • In the room at the start the music is mysterious which gives the impression that he's not supposed to be there. The women questions him as if he is a lower status than her.
  • Music stops when he see's the older man - parenting figure, respect
  • Footsteps on the stone floors - poor people don't have stone floors.
  • Merlin changes his dialogue when addressing the prince - the prince says he cannot talk to him like that.
  • When they are walking through the market, animals and talking can be heard - animals aren't found in castles.
  • When he's in the office in the castle you can hear every thing he does - silence inside the castle wheras it is noisy outside. You feel more that he isn't supposed to be there.
  • When the woman comes in and questions him it shows gender representation - she is not stereotypical but still talks down to merlin - she is more important.
  • The music raises to a point and then stops when the woman comes in - this makes it seem more intense and makes her seem intimidating.

The first example of class and status representation is when Merlin is walking through the castle into the office. There is mysterious music giving the impression that he is not supposed to be there. You can hear his footsteps on stone floors, which is not something you hear in poorer places. As Merlin explores the office, the music increases in tension each time he picks up an item. You can also hear him put these objects down as there is complete silence in the castle, which contrasts to the outside. The womans footsteps are heard quite loudly as she walks to the office, which means she might be wearing high heels. These wouldn't be owned by poorer people and so give the impression that she is high class and rich. The music gets faster and louder as she approaches the door and then reaches a point and stops, showing that she is intimidating and important. She talks down to Merlin and questions him, and he replys with a stutter, showing that he knows he's not supposed to be there and her authority over him.

When Merlin steps outside and starts to walk through the market you hear lots of animal noises and people talking which is not something you hear in a castle. This implies it is a poorer area. The prince arrives and starts talking to Merlin in a posh accent. He tells Merlin to address him properly after Merlin insults him. This goes against the stereotypes of high class, and it implies that they know each other well and have had problems before. The prince has a more authorative dialogue and tells Merlin what to do, showing his class. Sound effects are used during their fight to emphasise Merlin's magic and to also create humour when the prince falls or trips. The music stops when Merlin spots the old man, this shows Merlins respect towards him as a parental type figure. The old man's accent is not very posh, but he is still authorative over Merlin. This may be because of his age or because of his parental figure.